Dr. Michael Baden, a former New York City Chief Medical Examiner, testified as a defense forensic pathologist in the criminal and civil trials. During criminal-trial examination by Robert Shapiro, he challenged prosecution medical-examiner testimony and crime-scene practices, criticized reliance on medical possibilities rather than opinions held to a reasonable degree of medical or scientific certainty, and testified that Simpson's hand injuries appeared consistent with broken glass rather than a knife. In the civil trial, he addressed blood evidence and wound patterns and advanced a two-assailant theory; Brian Kelberg challenged his analysis and status as a paid defense expert during the criminal proceedings, while plaintiffs' counsel Edward Medvene challenged his opinions in the civil proceedings.