Detailed entries (36)
Defense demonstrative block diagrams (Defense exhibits 22–25) bearing narrative captions sourced from scientific literature including the Sensabaugh article. Exhibit 22 was admitted over objection; exhibits 23, 24, and 25 were sustained as argumentative, with partial narrative removal allowed.
Werner Spitz and Russell Fisher's standard forensic pathology reference text, 3rd edition (1993), covering wound gaping and Langer's lines (page 296), sharp-force and blunt-force injuries, fingernail gouges, acid phosphatase Bodansky unit values (pages 790–791), stomach emptying times (page 30), and scotch-tape wound approximation technique (page 265). Used by prosecution and defense experts including Dr. Lakshmanan, Dr. Baden, and Dr. Spitz.
Curriculum vitae of Dr. Park Dietz, dated October 1995, marked for identification and authenticated at a 402 hearing in the civil trial.
The 1992 National Research Council report on DNA technology in forensic science, chaired by Dr. Victor McKusick and published by the National Academy of Sciences. Cited extensively by both sides regarding statistical methodology for mixed stains, laboratory error rates, proficiency testing standards, and PCR carry-over contamination protocols. Key passages disputed include pages 59, 67, 69, 88–89, 106–107, and 160–161.
Labor and Epstein's publication on blood drying times under different temperature and humidity conditions, reporting single-drop drying times on cotton cloth ranging from 55–330 minutes (50–55 minutes under normal conditions, approximately 350 minutes in cold/damp conditions). Referenced in MacDonell's book and introduced as a standalone exhibit.
Lemoyne Snyder's 'Homicide Investigation,' 1953 seventh printing edition, a forensic investigation textbook used to establish standards for time-of-death estimation and crime scene preservation. Page 29 quoted for the proposition that it is 'usually impossible' to establish the exact hour and minute of death.
Article co-authored by Herbert MacDonell and Kish, titled 'Absence of Evidence Is Not Evidence of Absence,' presented at conferences and unpublished at time of trial. Addresses blood spatter and the principle that an assailant may not always be blood-stained, cited by Clark to establish MacDonell's own principle that blood absence on a defendant is not exculpatory.
Eight-page article by Dr. William Thompson and Dr. Simon Ford titled 'The Meaning of a Match,' critical of forensic DNA typing methods and referencing the CACLD study. Marked as Defense 1184 but ultimately withdrawn by the defense.
Curriculum vitae of Dr. Donald Dutton, listing his qualifications, publications, and prior court appearances, marked for identification at a 402 hearing in the civil trial.
Curriculum vitae of Dr. John Gerdes, marked and introduced in the civil trial to establish his expert qualifications in forensic DNA laboratory practices.
Curriculum vitae of Dr. Michael Baden, forensic pathologist, marked for identification and used for expert qualification purposes in the civil trial.
Curriculum vitae of Gerald Richards, marked for identification as a plaintiff's exhibit in the civil trial.
Curriculum vitae of Herbert Leon MacDonell, bloodstain pattern expert, marked for identification in the civil trial.
Golding and Kokot's article on thin layer chromatographic solvents, marked as Defense 1223 and ultimately withdrawn by the defense.
Robert Groden's January 3, 1979 letter to the House Select Committee on Assassinations chairman requesting publication of his dissenting comments, reproduced in the committee's appendix (Volume 6, page 295). Introduced to show Groden had asked the committee to publish his 'dissenting report,' contradicting his characterization of it as an official dissenting opinion.
A 1989 article in the Journal of Forensic Science on thin layer chromatography, introduced by the defense as a learned treatise and marked as Defense 1233.
Monograph on DNA evidence collection and preservation co-authored by Henry Lee, R.E. Gaensslen, and FBI Academy personnel (Bigby and Courney), later published in two forensic science journals. Nearly marked as Defense exhibit 1337 during Dr. Lee's testimony but held for later.
Letter from Professor Bruce Weir to Dr. Terence Speed soliciting peer-review comments on a statistical article, bearing Speed's handwritten annotations and numbered comments. Introduced and identified by Speed as a People's exhibit in the criminal trial.
Robert Groden's three-page resume plus five-page profile, introduced in the civil trial to impeach his qualifications by showing his resume overstated his role as a House Select Committee on Assassinations consultant and claimed consulting credits never formally conferred.
Forensic science textbook co-authored by Robert De Forest, R.E. Gaensslen, and Henry Lee. Referenced at pages 244–245 on collection, preservation, and packaging of bloodstains (including prohibition against sealing wet bloodstains in airtight containers), page 415 on additional collection guidance, and passages on pencil vs. pen for field sketches. Also published as 'Introduction to Criminalistics.'
Barry Fisher's crime scene investigation textbook (5th edition), authored by the director of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's crime lab. Referenced on pages 227 (blood stain collection and preservation), pages 42–43 (thoroughness of investigation), and passages addressing air drying of biological evidence. Cited by both prosecution and defense to challenge or defend LAPD evidence collection procedures.
A series of related forensic science articles by Grunbaum, Zajac, and Crim on erythrocyte acid phosphatase (EAP) degradation, including problems of reliability in phenotyping EAP in bloodstains and studies using crime-scene simulated stains. One article contains an example of a degraded BA-typed blood sample being mistyped as type B, a finding central to disputes over item 85 at trial.
Wraxall and Emes's peer-reviewed article 'Erythro Acid Phosphatase and Bloodstains,' studying EAP degradation pathways using dried laboratory stains, including documentation of the BA-to-B degradation route in which the cathodal band disappears last. Disputed at trial for its applicability to crime-scene versus controlled laboratory conditions.
Chapter by Dr. George Sensabaugh in the Saferstein-edited 'Forensic Science Handbook' (volume 3, pages 369–370 and 441–442), co-authored by Sensabaugh and Blake. Addresses EAP degradation pathways including the anodal-B-last route, wet/dry thresholds and water content of dried blood, and contamination safeguards for PCR analysis.
Yeshion's technical note on thermal degradation of erythrocyte acid phosphatase isoenzymes in case samples, specifically addressing the B-to-CB degradation phenomenon (not the BA-to-B route at issue in the Simpson evidence). Matheson testified that item 85 results were not consistent with this article's described degradation route.
Bernard Knight's 'Forensic Pathology' (1991) and 'Simpson's Forensic Medicine, 10th edition' (1991). Page 74 of Knight's text discusses the inability to assume or measure initial body temperature in retrospect; additional passages note the dubious value of stomach emptying time estimates and cite Modi and Adelson on digestion times, with the caveat that estimates require sudden unexpected death to be valid.
FBI study by Comey (and Pamela Fish), published November 1991 in the Journal of Forensic Sciences, examining environmental effects on DNA including sunlight degradation and cross-contamination risks such as coughing over samples. Disputed at trial over whether sneezes were more relevant than coughs and whether degraded samples were studied.
Chapter 17 of the book 'PCR Technology,' edited by Henry Erlich, co-authored by Cecelia von Beroldingen, Edward Blake, Russell Higuchi, George Sensabaugh, and Henry Erlich (pages 215–216). Addresses applications of PCR to biological evidence analysis, contamination controls, and redundant analysis safeguards.
Richard Saferstein's 'Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science' (4th edition), a standard forensic science textbook referenced for collection protocols for wet biological stains, prohibition on packaging bloodstains in plastic or airtight containers, and related evidence handling guidance.
Article by Dr. George Sensabaugh titled 'The Utilization of Polymorphic Enzymes in Forensic Science,' cited as scientific literature in defense narrative captions and discussed as a leading authority on EAP research. Sensabaugh's published EAP work was acknowledged by Gary Sims as authoritative; Sims confirmed Sensabaugh's work does not document a BA-to-two-banded-B degradation pattern.
Bruce Weir's 1990 textbook 'Genetic Data Analysis' (gray cover), including a chapter on mixture analysis. Displayed by Marcia Clarke in court; the publication date of a chapter was contested, with the defense asserting 1990 and the prosecution contending 1996 for a particular edition or chapter.
Dr. Michael Baden's book 'Unnatural Death: Confessions of a Medical Examiner.' Kelberg read a damaging passage from it describing forensic pathology as a 'dumping ground for incompetence,' and challenged Baden's reliance on it as a recognized forensic pathology text for his stomach-emptying opinions.
Edward Blake and colleagues' 1992 casework article on PCR amplification and HLA DQ-alpha oligonucleotide typing on biological evidence, page 721. Addresses cross-hybridization, PCR inhibition, differences between forensic and clinical samples, and contamination controls. Referenced by Gary Sims and Montgomery during testimony on LAPD DNA lab procedures.
FBI study by Dr. Bruce Budowle on contamination controls in PCR testing, cited to establish contamination risks in forensic PCR analysis and to evaluate item 42 as a valid environmental control.
1991 peer-reviewed paper by Evett (and Stoney) describing the statistical methodology for DNA mixture analysis that Dr. Bruce Weir cited as his methodological basis. Noted by the defense as post-dating the NRC report and not cited therein.
John Hicks's 'Microscopy of Hair,' published by the FBI in 1977. Referenced to show that hair examination methodology has not materially advanced since publication, and for its enumeration of three permissible conclusions for hair examiners; the word 'match' appears once in context of rape victim clothing examination.
Additional references (29)
Brief references from transcripts that don't warrant an individual page. Each has a single source or is mentioned only in passing.
- Adelson, 'The Pathology of Homicide' (1974) — Lester Adelson's 1974 forensic pathology textbook 'The Pathology of Homicide,' cited at page 182 for stomach emptying times by meal weight (light: 1.5–2 hours, medium: 3–4 hours, heavy: 4–6 hours), relied upon by Dr. Lakshmanan in forming his time-of-death opinion.
- Andrew Hacker, 'Two Nations' — Andrew Hacker's book 'Two Nations,' page 43, quoted into the record by Christopher Darden for its passage on the emotional impact of the n-word on Black Americans, used during argument regarding the Mark Fuhrman tapes.
- Atlas of Legal Medicine (Baden, ed.) — Japanese/US publication on legal medicine edited by Dr. Michael Baden, containing chapters on sharp force and blunt force injuries. Cited by Baden in partial defense of his publication record, though plaintiff's counsel Medvene contested whether it qualified as a primary forensic pathology text.
- Blake article on phenolphthalein and microorganisms — Scientific article by Blake addressing phenolphthalein reactions and microorganisms in wet environments, cited by the defense to argue that drain positives in presumptive blood testing are unreliable.
- Budowle and Allen, 'Electrophoresis Reliability, The Contaminant Issue' — Budowle and Allen's article 'Electrophoresis Reliability, The Contaminant Issue,' page 1546, cited at trial to support use of a victim blood pool as a natural control study in electrophoresis-based serology.
- Cardozo Law Review article on DNA testimony misrepresentation — Article in the Cardozo Law Review cited in footnote 12 of a defense brief, alleging that Marcia Clark misrepresented DNA testimony in a prior case. Defense counsel Thompson defended his authorship of the footnote and offered to submit the full transcript to the court.
- Evett likelihood ratio article — Article by I.W. Evett (published in England) on likelihood ratios in forensic DNA statistics. Cited by prosecution as scientific support; defense challenged it by noting that Evett himself does not advocate presenting statistical DNA evidence to juries in this form.
- FBI Crime Classification Manual — The FBI Crime Classification Manual, used by Dr. Park Dietz to cross-check his independent crime-scene findings against the category of 'spontaneous domestic homicide.'
- FBI Forensic Science Research and Training Center report (1982) on hair — FBI Forensic Science Research and Training Center report from 1982, containing quoted language about a 'duplicate hair criterium for a match,' cited by prosecution in closing argument regarding hair examination standards.
- Forensic Sciences International fiber comparison papers (Wilk/Fong/Enami; Bisbing/Wollner) — Scientific publications in Forensic Sciences International by Wilk/Fong/Enami and Bisbing/Wollner on fiber comparison methodology, cited by prosecution to demonstrate accepted use of the terms 'match' and 'matching fibers' in the fiber comparison literature.
- Genetica special issue 'Human Identification' (Weir, ed.) — Special issue of the journal Genetica titled 'Human Identification,' edited by Dr. Bruce Weir and published the week before his criminal trial testimony. Displayed in court and described by Weir as a forthcoming publication.
- Gerdes 1995 Promega conference article on LAPD lab — Dr. John Gerdes's presentation or article from the 1995 Promega conference discussing this case and LAPD DNA laboratory contamination issues. Defense sought to introduce it in the civil trial; ruled on mid-transcript with outcome unresolved.
- Goodman and Gilman's 'Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics' — Standard pharmacology reference text Goodman and Gilman's 'Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics,' cited by Roger Martz to confirm that only approximately 5% of ingested EDTA is absorbed from food into the bloodstream.
- Higuchi et al., 'DNA typing from single hairs' — Paper by Russell Higuchi and colleagues on DNA typing from single hairs. Discussed during Dr. Gerdes's testimony; Gerdes characterized it as a demonstration paper not addressing routine forensic application.
- Huizenga book on NFL team physician experience — Dr. Robert Huizenga's book about his time as physician for the Oakland Raiders, including passages on NFL players routinely playing through severe pain, quoted at length by Kelberg on cross-examination.
- Imwinkelried, treatise on scientific evidence — Professor Imwinkelried's treatise on scientific evidence, page 532, discussing phenolphthalein admissibility and citing the Coleman case. Submitted by Goldberg; Judge Ito used it against him on the bleach false-positive issue.
- Jacqueline Campbell, 'Prediction of Homicide of and by Battered Women' — Article by Jacqueline Campbell titled 'Prediction of Homicide of and by Battered Women,' cited as an authoritative treatise on spousal homicide risk factors. Dr. Dutton distanced himself slightly from it, calling it 'one study of many' and 'not one of the better empirical studies.'
- Koehler, Jurimetrics article on DNA evidence errors — Koehler's article in the journal Jurimetrics examining errors and exaggerations in DNA evidence presentation, including a mock jury study on the misleading effect of gene frequency statistics without accompanying laboratory error rates.
- LAPD reference books on race-specific DNA frequency data — Reference books maintained in the LAPD crime laboratory containing race-specific DNA frequency data compiled from other laboratories, mentioned by Kenneth Matheson at the preliminary hearing but not used in that proceeding.
- MacDonell bloodstain pattern interpretation book (3rd ed.) — Herbert MacDonell's book on bloodstain pattern interpretation, 3rd edition. Page 62 contains a passage describing medium-velocity spatter as being 'below the resolution of the average juror's eyesight,' introduced by Marcia Clark to establish that blood spatter on dark clothing is difficult to see.
- Multiple forensic pathology reference texts cited by Dr. Lakshmanan — A group of standard forensic pathology reference texts identified by Dr. Lakshmanan as sources reviewed in forming his time-of-death opinion: Spitz and Fischer's 'Medical Legal Investigation of Death, 3rd edition' (1993); Lester Adelson's 'The Pathology of Homicide' (1974); Gradwohl's Legal Medicine; and Curran et al…
- Ontario/Kellerman spousal homicide studies — Two social science studies cited together in oral argument via demonstrative graphics: a 1992 Ontario (Canada) study on spousal homicide patterns, and a 1993 article by Kellerman in the New England Journal of Medicine on spousal killing rates.
- People v. Riley (California case law — electrophoresis) — California appellate decision in People v. Riley, cited by the prosecution as upholding the admissibility of electrophoresis testing. Its applicability to inconclusive EAP results was disputed by both Judge Ito and defense counsel Blasier.
- Ragle 1979 chapter in 'Principles of Investigation' — Jack Ragle's own 1979 chapter in the book 'Principles of Investigation,' addressing blood sample collection procedures, used by Goldberg to impeach Ragle's testimony about how much of a bloodstain must be collected.
- Rheumatoid arthritis textbook (Harris chapter, pp. 876–877) — Textbook pages on rheumatoid arthritis, including page 215 and pages 876–877 of a chapter by Dr. Edward D. Harris Jr., provided by Dr. Huizenga to the prosecution and referenced as materials he relied upon, used to introduce Dr. Harris as a credentialing counterpoint.
- Sports medicine publication on boxing and knuckle injuries — Sports medicine publication on boxing injuries, reviewed by Dr. Lakshmanan in forming his opinion on the expected degree of knuckle injuries that would result from delivering a punch, cited as the basis for expert opinion.
- Unspecified EAP reference book consulted by Matheson — An unspecified book on erythrocyte acid phosphatase consulted by Kenneth Matheson prior to his testimony. Acknowledged by Matheson to exist but not discussed substantively; defense noted it was not raised on cross-examination.
- Weir (1992) paper on FBI population database sources — Bruce Weir's 1992 published paper citing Budowle and describing the FBI database sources used for population frequency statistics, noting that blood donors were drawn from Miami, Texas, and California populations.
- Wickenheiser and Hepworth (1989) hair examination study — Wickenheiser and Hepworth's 1989 study published in the Journal of Forensic Science, involving independent examination of over 900 hairs. Defense challenged Douglas Deedrick on this study, noting he could not recall it despite claiming to read the journal regularly.