Direct examination of John Edwards (afternoon, part 1)

📄 Direct examination of John Edwards (afternoon, part 1) — Tuesday, January 31, 1995

Address:

C:\DEPT103\CRIMINAL\1995\JAN\31\DIRECT-EXAMINATION-OF-JOHN-EDW.DOC

TRIAL

▲ Day 9 of 167

◀ Sidebar: witness statement objection Sidebar: photograph objection ▶

Witness: Det. John Edwards
Examiner: Christopher Darden
Called by: Prosecution • Date: Tuesday, January 31, 1995 • Utterances: 192

Detective Edwards continues his account of the January 1, 1989 domestic violence call at 360 North Rockingham. He describes OJ confronting him over the wall — angry that police were actually taking action for once — then slipping away in a blue Bentley at ~45 mph before Edwards could arrest him. The session culminates in the introduction of three Polaroid photographs of Nicole's injuries, with Edwards delivering the gut-punch that they didn't come 'not even close' to capturing what he actually saw.

# 1 (THE FOLLOWING PROCEEDINGS WERE HELD IN OPEN COURT:)

# 2 THE COURT:

THANK YOU, COUNSEL.

# 3 MR. DARDEN:

MAY I HAVE THE LAST QUESTION READ BACK?

# 4 THE COURT:

CERTAINLY. MADAM REPORTER.

# 5 (THE QUESTION AND ANSWER WERE READ BY THE REPORTER.)

# 6 MR. DARDEN:

THANK YOU, YOUR HONOR.

# 7 Q:

BY MR. DARDEN: THE WOMAN CAME OUT OF THE GATE AND WENT TO THE PATROL CAR; IS THAT RIGHT?

# 8 A:

THAT'S CORRECT.

# 9 Q:

AND YOU HEARD HER SAY SOMETHING?

# 10 A:

YES, I DID.

# 11 Q:

AND DID YOU RECOGNIZE THAT VOICE, THAT WOMAN'S VOICE AT THAT TIME?

# 12 A:

YES.

# 13 Q:

YOU HAD HEARD THE VOICE BEFORE?

# 14 A:

YES. IT WAS THE WOMAN ON THE SPEAKER BOX THAT TOLD ME NOTHING WAS OCCURRING IN THE HOUSE.

# 15 Q:

AND THIS WOMAN WAS PULLING ON NICOLE?

# 16 A:

YES.

# 17 Q:

DID SHE SPEAK WITH YOU PRIOR TO GOING OVER TO THE PATROL CAR AND GRABBING NICOLE AND PULLING ON HER?

# 18 A:

NO, SHE DID NOT.

# 19 Q:

WHAT DID YOU DO AT THAT POINT?

# 20 A:

I WENT OVER AND GRABBED HER, PULLED HER AWAY FROM THE CAR AND CLOSED THE DOOR AFTER I SAW AND HEARD WHAT SHE WAS DOING.

# 21 Q:

DID YOU GIVE HER ANY COMMAND AT THAT TIME?

# 22 A:

YES. I ADVISED HER OF 148 OF THE PENAL CODE, INTERFERING WITH A POLICE OFFICER'S INVESTIGATION, AND I TOLD HER TO LEAVE.

# 23 Q:

AND DID SHE LEAVE?

# 24 A:

YES, SHE DID.

# 25 Q:

NOW, DURING THE TIME THAT THIS WOMAN WAS PULLING ON NICOLE TRYING TO PULL HER OUT OF THE POLICE VEHICLE --

# 26 MR. COCHRAN:

MOVE THE LAST STATEMENT BE STRICKEN, CONCLUSION OF COUNSEL.

# 27 THE COURT:

PULLING ON HER. REPHRASE IT.

# 28 MR. COCHRAN:

MAY IT BE STRICKEN?

# 29 THE COURT:

REPHRASE IT, PLEASE.

# 30 Q:

BY MR. DARDEN: WHERE WAS THE DEFENDANT DURING THE TIME THAT THIS WOMAN WAS PULLING ON NICOLE?

# 31 A:

HE WAS INSIDE THE HOUSE.

# 32 Q:

WHAT HAPPENED NEXT, DETECTIVE?

# 33 A:

AFTER SHE WENT BACK INSIDE THE HOUSE, APPROXIMATELY TWO MINUTES PASSED AND O.J. SIMPSON CAME BACK OUT, NOW DRESSED.

# 34 Q:

THE DEFENDANT CAME BACK OUTSIDE THE HOUSE DRESSED?

# 35 A:

YES.

# 36 Q:

AND WERE YOU STILL ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE GATE AND THE WALL?

# 37 A:

YES.

# 38 Q:

AND WAS HE STILL ON THE INSIDE?

# 39 A:

THAT'S CORRECT.

# 40 Q:

DID THE DEFENDANT SAY ANYTHING AT THAT TIME?

# 41 A:

YES. HE REAPPROACHED THE WALL -- THIS TIME, HE WAS ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE BRICK WALL ITSELF, THE BLOCK WALL, HE WASN'T NEAR THE GATE -- PEERED OVER THE WALL AND WE HAD A CONVERSATION AGAIN.

# 42 Q:

WHAT IF ANYTHING DID THE DEFENDANT SAY AT THAT TIME?

# 43 A:

HE SAID, "WHAT MAKES YOU SO SPECIAL? WHY ARE YOU DOING THIS? YOU GUYS HAVE BEEN OUT HERE EIGHT TIMES BEFORE AND NO ONE HAS EVER DONE ANYTHING LIKE THIS BEFORE," SOMETHING ALONG THOSE LINES.

KEY QUOTE

# 44 Q:

WHAT WAS YOUR RESPONSE?

# 45 A:

I SAID I WAS GOING TO HAVE TO PLACE HIM UNDER ARREST AND THAT THE LAW REQUIRED ME TO PLACE HIM UNDER ARREST AND THERE WAS NO IF'S, AND'S OR BUT'S ABOUT IT.

KEY QUOTE

# 46 Q:

NOW, WHAT WAS THE DEFENDANT'S TONE OF VOICE, THAT IS DURING THIS PARTICULAR CONVERSATION?

# 47 A:

WELL, AT THIS POINT, HE WASN'T QUITE YELLING AS MUCH, BUT HE WAS STILL VERY ANGRY AND HOSTILE.

# 48 MR. COCHRAN:

MOVE TO STRIKE THE LAST STATEMENT.

# 49 THE COURT:

OVERRULED.

# 50 MR. COCHRAN:

TONE OF VOICE.

# 51 THE COURT:

OVERRULED.

# 52 Q:

BY MR. DARDEN: NOW, DID YOU TESTIFY EARLIER THAT YOU HAD ALREADY CONTACTED THE SUPERVISOR?

# 53 A:

YES.

# 54 Q:

HAD YOU ASKED THAT SUPERVISOR TO PROCEED TO 360 NORTH ROCKINGHAM?

# 55 A:

YES, I DID.

# 56 Q:

AND WHY DID YOU ASK THAT A SUPERVISOR BE SENT TO THE LOCATION?

# 57 A:

BECAUSE I WAS GOING TO HAVE TO SOMEHOW EITHER GET INSIDE THAT HOUSE OR THE GATED AREA OR WAS GOING TO HAVE TO CONVINCE THE DEFENDANT TO COME OUTSIDE TO MAKE THE ARREST, AND I WAS BY MYSELF AND MY PARTNER. WE HAD AN INJURED VICTIM WITH US AND I JUST NEEDED ANOTHER PERSON TO HELP US.

# 58 Q:

AND AT SOME POINT, DID YOU SEE A SECOND POLICE CAR?

# 59 A:

YES. SERGEANT VINGER PULLED UP IN A SECOND PATROL CAR.

# 60 Q:

AND WHERE WAS THE DEFENDANT AT THAT TIME?

# 61 A:

HE HAD BEEN ENGAGED IN A CONVERSATION WITH ME PEERING OVER THE WALL NEXT TO THE PATROL CAR.

# 62 Q:

SO YOU SAW THE PATROL CAR ARRIVE?

# 63 A:

YES.

# 64 Q:

AND DID YOU TURN YOUR ATTENTION AWAY FROM THE DEFENDANT AT ALL AT THAT TIME?

# 65 A:

YES, I DID.

# 66 Q:

WHERE DID YOU TURN YOUR ATTENTION?

# 67 A:

I WALKED OVER TO EXPLAIN TO THE SUPERVISOR WHAT WE NEEDED TO DO.

# 68 Q:

AND WHEN YOU DID THAT, WHEN YOU WALKED OVER TO THE SUPERVISOR, WAS THE DEFENDANT STILL ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE WALL?

# 69 A:

NO. HE HAD WALKED AWAY FROM THE WALL.

# 70 Q:

WHAT HAPPENED NEXT?

# 71 A:

AS I WAS EXPLAINING TO THE SUPERVISOR WHAT HAD TRANSPIRED AND WHAT WE NEEDED TO DO, I SAW A BLUE BENTLEY START UP, THE LIGHTS START UP, TURNED ON AND IT WENT OUT A DRIVEWAY THAT I WAS NOT AWARE WAS THERE. IT WENT OUT A DRIVEWAY ONTO ROCKINGHAM OUT ANOTHER GATE SIMILAR TO THE ONE I HAD BEEN STANDING IN FRONT OF AND THE VEHICLE WENT SOUTHBOUND ON ROCKINGHAM.

# 72 Q:

AND HOW FAST WAS THAT VEHICLE GOING AS IT LEFT 360 NORTH ROCKINGHAM?

# 73 A:

I BELIEVE IT WAS AROUND 45 MILES A HOUR, SOMEWHERE IN THERE.

# 74 Q:

WERE YOU AWARE THAT THE DEFENDANT WAS LEAVING?

# 75 A:

I HAD NO IDEA THAT THERE WAS EVEN A GATE OVER THERE.

# 76 Q:

SO YOU WERE SURPRISED TO SEE THE BENTLEY LEAVE THE PROPERTY?

# 77 A:

YES, I WAS.

# 78 MR. COCHRAN:

LEADING AND SUGGESTIVE.

# 79 THE COURT:

THE ANSWER WILL STAND.

# 80 Q:

BY MR. DARDEN: HOW MUCH TIME ELAPSED BETWEEN YOUR TELLING THE DEFENDANT THE LAST TIME THAT HE WAS GOING TO BE PLACED UNDER ARREST AND YOUR VIEWING OF THE BENTLEY AS IT LEFT THE ROCKINGHAM ADDRESS?

# 81 A:

ABOUT A MINUTE AND A HALF.

# 82 Q:

WERE YOU IN YOUR CAR OR OUTSIDE YOUR CAR WHEN THE BENTLEY LEFT THE PROPERTY?

# 83 A:

BOTH THE SUPERVISOR AND MYSELF WERE OUTSIDE OF BOTH VEHICLES WHEN THIS HAPPENED.

# 84 Q:

SO WHAT DID YOU DO AT THAT POINT?

# 85 A:

WE BOTH REENTERED OUR VEHICLES AND PURSUED THE DEFENDANT'S BENTLEY.

# 86 Q:

DID YOU CATCH HIM?

# 87 A:

NO.

# 88 Q:

HE GOT AWAY?

# 89 A:

YES, HE DID.

# 90 Q:

DURING THAT PURSUIT, DID YOU EVER ACTIVATE THE RED LIGHTS ON YOUR PATROL CAR?

# 91 A:

NO, I DIDN'T.

# 92 Q:

DID YOU ACTIVATE THE SIREN AT ALL?

# 93 A:

NO.

# 94 Q:

BY THE TIME YOU GOT INTO YOUR POLICE VEHICLE AND STARTED YOUR ENGINE, COULD YOU STILL SEE THE DEFENDANT?

# 95 A:

NO.

# 96 Q:

COULD YOU SILL SEE HIS VEHICLE?

# 97 A:

NO.

# 98 Q:

DID YOU ARREST THE DEFENDANT THAT DAY OR THAT NIGHT OR THAT MORNING?

# 99 A:

NO, I DIDN'T.

# 100 Q:

DID YOU EVER ARREST THE DEFENDANT?

# 101 A:

PHYSICALLY? NO.

# 102 Q:

WHERE WAS NICOLE; THAT IS WHERE WAS SHE DURING THE PURSUIT?

# 103 A:

SHE WAS IN THE RIGHT REAR OF THE PATROL CAR WEARING MY PARTNER'S JACKET.

# 104 Q:

NOW, I BELIEVE YOU TESTIFIED EARLIER THAT NICOLE SIGNED THE CRIME REPORT?

# 105 A:

YES, SHE DID.

# 106 Q:

AND WHAT DOES THAT MEAN? WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF A VICTIM SIGNING A CRIME REPORT?

# 107 MR. COCHRAN:

OBJECT TO THE FORM OF THAT QUESTION, YOUR HONOR, WITHOUT FURTHER FOUNDATION.

# 108 THE COURT:

SUSTAINED.

# 109 Q:

BY MR. DARDEN: WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF NICOLE HAVING SIGNED THE CRIME REPORT?

# 110 MR. COCHRAN:

IT'S THE SAME QUESTION, SAME EXACT QUESTION.

# 111 MR. DARDEN:

WHAT'S THE OBJECTION?

# 112 THE COURT:

SUSTAINED. FOUNDATIONAL.

# 113 Q:

BY MR. DARDEN: DID YOU HAVE A CRIME REPORT AT THE LOCATION?

# 114 A:

YES.

# 115 Q:

WAS THAT CRIME REPORT HANDED TO NICOLE?

# 116 A:

YES.

# 117 Q:

DID SHE SIGN IT?

# 118 A:

YES, SHE DID.

# 119 Q:

DID YOU SEE HER SIGN IT?

# 120 A:

YES.

# 121 Q:

DID YOU SEE HER SIGNATURE ON THE DOCUMENT?

# 122 A:

YES.

# 123 Q:

DID YOU RETAIN THAT DOCUMENT?

# 124 A:

YES, I DID.

# 125 Q:

WHAT -- STRIKE THAT. WHY DID YOU HAVE HER SIGN THE CRIME REPORT?

# 126 A:

WELL, IN OUR 273.5, YOU DON'T REALLY HAVE TO HAVE THE SIGNATURE, BUT WE -- THIS WAS HER -- WHATEVER HER STATEMENT WAS TO US WHEN SHE SIGNED THE REPORT, THIS IS BY LAW WHAT SHE IS REPRESENTING AS THE TRUTH.

# 127 Q:

YOU MENTIONED 273.5.

# 128 A:

YES.

# 129 Q:

WHAT WERE YOU REFERRING TO?

# 130 A:

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, SPOUSAL BATTERY.

# 131 Q:

PENAL CODE SECTION 273.5?

# 132 A:

YES.

# 133 Q:

YOU EARLIER TESTIFIED TO THE INJURIES THAT YOU SAW ON NICOLE'S FACE AND NECK, CORRECT?

# 134 A:

YES.

# 135 Q:

DID YOU OFFER HER ANY MEDICAL TREATMENT?

# 136 A:

YES, I DID.

# 137 Q:

WHAT DID YOU OFFER TO DO?

# 138 A:

I OFFERED TO DRIVE HER TO AN EMERGENCY ROOM AND GET HER TREATED RIGHT THEN AND THERE.

# 139 Q:

AND WHAT WAS HER RESPONSE?

# 140 A:

SHE SAID SHE WANTED TO GO BACK TO THE HOUSE TO HER CHILDREN. SHE WANTED TO BE WITH HER CHILDREN.

KEY QUOTE

# 141 Q:

DID YOU ASK HER TO GO TO THE STATION?

# 142 A:

I ASKED HER TO -- IF SHE WOULD GO -- IF I COULD DRIVE HER TO OUR PHOTO LAB DOWNTOWN AND TAKE PICTURES OF HER INJURIES.

# 143 Q:

AND BY DOWNTOWN, DID YOU MEAN DOWNTOWN LOS ANGELES, PARKER CENTER?

# 144 A:

YES.

# 145 Q:

AND WHAT DID SHE SAY?

# 146 A:

SHE SAID NO, SHE WANTED TO GO HOME TO HER CHILDREN.

# 147 Q:

DID YOU OFFER HER AN ALTERNATIVE; THAT IS TO HAVING HER GO DOWNTOWN TO TAKE PHOTOGRAPHS?

# 148 A:

YES. I ASKED HER IF SHE WOULD GO TO WEST L.A. STATION AND HAVE POLAROID PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN OF HER REAL QUICKLY.

# 149 Q:

AND WHAT DID SHE SAY?

# 150 A:

SHE AGREED TO THAT.

# 151 Q:

HAD YOU TAKEN HER TO PARKER CENTER, WOULD YOU HAVE TAKEN POLAROID PHOTOGRAPHS OF HER?

# 152 A:

NO. I WOULD HAVE HAD A PHOTOGRAPHER TAKE PROFESSIONAL PHOTOGRAPHS OF HER INJURIES.

# 153 Q:

AND WHY DID YOU WANT TO TAKE HER INITIALLY TO PARKER CENTER AS OPPOSED TO TAKING HER TO WEST L.A.?

# 154 MR. COCHRAN:

OBJECTION, YOUR HONOR. THAT'S IRRELEVANT AND IMMATERIAL.

# 155 THE COURT:

OVERRULED.

# 156 Q:

BY MR. DARDEN: WHY DID YOU WANT TO TAKE HER TO PARKER CENTER AS OPPOSED TO TAKING HER TO WEST L.A.?

# 157 A:

BECAUSE I FELT HER INJURIES NEEDED TO BE DOCUMENTED PROPERLY ON FILM.

# 158 Q:

YOU DIDN'T THINK A POLAROID PHOTO WOULD BE SUFFICIENT?

# 159 A:

NO.

# 160 MR. COCHRAN:

LEADING AND SUGGESTIVE.

# 161 THE COURT:

SUSTAINED. THE ANSWER IS STRICKEN AS BEING LEADING AND SUGGESTIVE.

# 162 MR. COCHRAN:

THANK YOU, YOUR HONOR.

# 163 THE COURT:

ALTHOUGH PERHAPS SELF-EVIDENT. I THINK THE JURY KNOWS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A POLAROID PHOTO AND A HARD FILM PHOTO.

# 164 MR. DARDEN:

I AM SURE THEY DO.

# 165 Q:

BY MR. DARDEN: DID YOU TAKE HER TO WEST L.A. STATION?

# 166 A:

YES, I DID.

# 167 Q:

DID YOU ATTEMPT TO PHOTOGRAPH HER INJURIES?

# 168 A:

I PHOTOGRAPHED HER INJURIES MYSELF.

# 169 Q:

AND WHAT KIND OF CAMERA DID YOU USE?

# 170 A:

USED A POLAROID 600 I BELIEVE.

# 171 MR. DARDEN:

YOUR HONOR, I'M HOLDING IN MY HAND WHAT APPEARS TO BE THREE --

# 172 THE COURT:

LET ME HAVE COUNSEL APPROACH WITHOUT THE REPORTER, PLEASE.

# 173 (A CONFERENCE WAS HELD AT THE BENCH, NOT REPORTED.)

# 174 THE COURT:

ALL RIGHT. LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, DURING THE COURSE OF THE TRIAL, I NEED TO TALK TO THE ATTORNEYS ABOUT WHETHER OR NOT YOU WILL BE ABLE TO VIEW CERTAIN EVIDENCE. PRIMARILY, SOMETIMES IT HAS TO DO WITH SCHEDULING, AND IT'S EASIER FOR THE SIX OR EIGHT OF US TO WALK OVER THERE AND TALK RATHER THAN HAVE ALL 22 OF YOU CONSTANTLY GOING BACK AND FORTH. SO PLEASE BE PATIENT WHILE WE'RE DOING THAT, AND I APPRECIATE YOUR PATIENCE. ALL RIGHT. MR. DARDEN. THANK YOU. IF I CAN HAVE ONE MOMENT, YOUR HONOR.

# 175 THE COURT:

SURE.

# 176 (BRIEF PAUSE.)

# 177 MR. DARDEN:

YOUR HONOR, I HAVE IN MY HAND WHAT APPEARS TO BE THREE POLAROID PHOTOGRAPHS. MAY THEY BE MARKED PEOPLE'S 3, 4 AND 5 FOR IDENTIFICATION?

# 178 THE COURT:

THEY MAY.

# 179 (PEO'S 3 FOR ID = PHOTO/FRONT VIEW OF FACE OF NBS)

# 180 (PEO'S 4 FOR ID = PHOTO/SIDE VIEW OF FACE OF NBS) (PEO'S 5 FOR ID = PHOTO/SIDE VIEW OF NBS)

# 181 THE COURT:

AND THE RECORD SHOULD REFLECT COUNSEL HAVE SEEN THE PICTURES.

# 182 MR. COCHRAN:

I HAVE SEEN THEM.

# 183 MR. DARDEN:

MAY THE RECORD REFLECT AS WELL, YOUR HONOR, THAT I'VE INDICATED THE EXHIBIT NUMBERS IN THE BOTTOM CORNERS OF THE PHOTOGRAPHS ON THE REAR, ON THE REAR OF THE PHOTOGRAPH?

# 184 Q:

BY MR. DARDEN: SHOWING YOU WHAT HAS BEEN MARKED AS PEOPLE'S 3, 4 AND 5 FOR IDENTIFICATION, DO YOU RECOGNIZE THESE PHOTOGRAPHS?

# 185 A:

YES.

# 186 Q:

ARE THESE THE PHOTOGRAPHS YOU TOOK ON THE MORNING OF JANUARY 1, 1989?

# 187 A:

YES, THEY ARE.

# 188 Q:

AND DO THEY FULLY AND FAIRLY AND COMPLETELY REPRESENT THE INJURIES YOU SAW THAT NIGHT?

# 189 A:

NOT EVEN CLOSE.

# 190 MR. COCHRAN:

OBJECT TO THAT, YOUR HONOR. OBJECTION. MAY WE APPROACH? I OBJECT TO THAT, ON THE RECORD TOO, YOUR HONOR.

# 191 THE COURT:

ALL RIGHT.

# 192 MR. COCHRAN:

MAY WE HAVE THOSE PHOTOGRAPHS?

Temperature

tense

Key Quotes (4)

OJ Simpson (via Edwards testimony)

What makes you so special? Why are you doing this? You guys have been out here eight times before and no one has ever done anything like this before.

OJ's own words, as recounted by Edwards, confirm he knew police had responded to the house repeatedly and that prior officers had never arrested him — establishing a pattern of impunity.

John Edwards

NOT EVEN CLOSE.

Asked whether People's 3, 4, and 5 fully and fairly represented Nicole's injuries, Edwards answered with two words that implied the Polaroids dramatically understated the violence — a devastating capstone to the examination.

John Edwards

I SAID I WAS GOING TO HAVE TO PLACE HIM UNDER ARREST AND THAT THE LAW REQUIRED ME TO PLACE HIM UNDER ARREST AND THERE WAS NO IF'S, AND'S OR BUT'S ABOUT IT.

Establishes that OJ was told unambiguously he would be arrested — making his Bentley escape deliberate flight rather than a misunderstanding.

John Edwards

SHE SAID SHE WANTED TO GO BACK TO THE HOUSE TO HER CHILDREN. SHE WANTED TO BE WITH HER CHILDREN.

Nicole's refusal of medical treatment and her desire to return home illustrates the psychological trap of domestic abuse — unwilling or unable to fully cooperate with investigators even immediately after an attack.

Evidence (4)

People's 3

Polaroid photograph, front view of Nicole Brown Simpson's face, taken January 1, 1989 at West LA Station

introduced

People's 4

Polaroid photograph, side view of Nicole Brown Simpson's face, taken January 1, 1989

introduced

People's 5

Polaroid photograph, second side view of Nicole Brown Simpson, taken January 1, 1989

introduced

Informal

Crime report signed by Nicole Brown Simpson on the night of the incident

discussed

Notable Exchanges (3)

Christopher Darden•Lance A. Ito•Johnnie Cochran

Cochran objected twice to Darden's question about the significance of Nicole signing the crime report on foundational grounds; Ito sustained both times, forcing Darden to lay extensive step-by-step foundation before finally getting the answer in.

procedural

John Edwards•Christopher Darden

Edwards recounts OJ's Bentley escape through a second gate Edwards didn't even know existed — gone in under 90 seconds, never caught, never physically arrested.

revealing

Lance A. Ito•Christopher Darden

After Cochran's 'leading and suggestive' objection was sustained on the Polaroid-vs-professional-photo question, Ito remarked 'Although perhaps self-evident. I think the jury knows the difference between a Polaroid photo and a hard film photo,' drawing a dry acknowledgment from Darden.

light

Light Moments (1)

Lance A. Ito

After sustaining Cochran's objection about the Polaroid question, Ito mused that it was 'perhaps self-evident' since 'the jury knows the difference between a Polaroid photo and a hard film photo.'

Objections

8 objections (4 sustained, 3 overruled)

Proceeding 4545 • 192 utterances • Prosecution witness

Criminal Trial

Department 103